VetInsight Pakistan

1. Introduction Milk fever is one of the most important metabolic disorders in dairy cattle, especially in older, high milk-yielding dairy cows [1, 6]. Unlike small animal eclampsia , milk fever in cattle is accompanied by progressive flaccid paralysis rather than tetany . However, subclinical hypocalcemia , where the cow is standing but has low blood calcium levels, is more prevalent and is often accompanied by other diseases such as displaced abomasum , ketosis , and retained placenta [2, 10]. 2. Pathogenesis:  The Calcium GapLactation demands that the cow mobilizes 20-30 grams of calcium daily, while her total blood calcium pool is only 3 grams [2, 4]. •Homeostatic Failure To overcome the calcium deficit, the cow has to mobilize more calcium from her bones and intestine. This is done with the help of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Vitamin D . •Risk Factors High amounts of potassium in the feed, which cause metabolic alkalosis , make PTH receptors insensitive, effectively 'lockin...

 1. Introduction Lumpy Skin Disease is the result of a Neethling virus ( Capripoxvirus ) infection. Its main hosts are cattle and water buffaloes. It is delineated by the manifestation of fever and the development of stiff, distinct edges nodes on the skin. 2. Transmission  In contrast to the FMD virus, the LSD virus is primarily transmitted by Biting Insects (Vectors):  >Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti)  >Biting flies (Stomoxys calcitrans)  >Ticks  3. Clinical Signs Skin Nodules:  2-5 cm wide lumps are formed all over the body, particularly on the head, neck, and udder.  Edema:  Swelling of the legs as well as brisket area.  Secondary Infection:  These lumps may dissolve into open sores (ulcers), which attract flies and lead to myiasis (maggots).  Milk Drop:  Severe curtailment in milk production along with high fever (106°F). 4. Pathogenesis The insect bite is the main entrance of the virus which is no longer then...