VetInsight Pakistan

1. Introduction Milk fever is one of the most important metabolic disorders in dairy cattle, especially in older, high milk-yielding dairy cows [1, 6]. Unlike small animal eclampsia , milk fever in cattle is accompanied by progressive flaccid paralysis rather than tetany . However, subclinical hypocalcemia , where the cow is standing but has low blood calcium levels, is more prevalent and is often accompanied by other diseases such as displaced abomasum , ketosis , and retained placenta [2, 10]. 2. Pathogenesis:  The Calcium GapLactation demands that the cow mobilizes 20-30 grams of calcium daily, while her total blood calcium pool is only 3 grams [2, 4]. •Homeostatic Failure To overcome the calcium deficit, the cow has to mobilize more calcium from her bones and intestine. This is done with the help of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Vitamin D . •Risk Factors High amounts of potassium in the feed, which cause metabolic alkalosis , make PTH receptors insensitive, effectively 'lockin...

 1.Introduction Theileriosis is an extremely destructive tick-borne protozoal illness mainly caused by Theileria annulata . One of the most economically striking diseases is the spread of Theileria annulata in the dairy and livestock sector of Pakistan, especially the Friesian , Jersey breeds , and their crossbreeds to high-yielding of the imported exotic breed. Theileriosis in cattle 2. Vector & Transmission The disease causing intravascular hemolysis is transmitted by the bites of infected ixodid ticks, particularly the genus Hyalomma . The louse is localized in the tick's salivary glands and is injected into the host's bloodstream during the tick's feeding. 3. Pathogenesis:  The cellular invasion The life cycle of Theileria in the cow host is remarkable and is comprised of two separate phases two-fold: Lymphoproliferative Phase:  On entering, Sporozoites adhere to and invade the host Lymphocytes (White Blood Cells). They turn into the form of Schizonts, which tri...

1. Introduction Among the ectoparasites of the dairy industry in Pakistan , ticks parade as the major problem. They are a member of the Arachnida class and the primary causative agents of the significant economic losses incurred with blood loss (Anemia), skin irritation, and transmission of deadly blood protozoa. Ticks infestation in cattle 2. Common Tick Genera in Pakistan According to veterinary studies, the most abundant ticks both on cattle and buffaloes are: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus:  Commonly called the "One-host tick." Hyalomma anatolicum:  If fact, Hyalomma anatolicum is a "Multi-host tick" that transmits Theileriosis . 3. Pathogenesis Ticks do not only suck the blood of the animals. Actually, they are destructors of the animal health in three ways: Direct Damage:  Considerable blood loss leads to anemia, weight loss, and decreased milk production. Toxicosis:  A fraction of the ticks inject actively toxic substances into the bloodstream making...