Trypanosomiasis (Surra) in Cattle: A Hidden Threat to Livestock Productivity

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Introduction

Trypanosomiasis is a multi-component disease of parasitic origin. This condition is associated with the development of protozoans belonging to the genus Trypanosoma in the blood vessels. As regards South Asia, trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma evansi, is widespread in Pakistan.

Microscopic view of Trypanosoma evansi in cattle blood smear - VetInsight PK


Transmisson Cycle

The mechanical transmission occurs through biting flies, namely Tabanus (Horse Flies) and Stomoxys (Stable Flies). The life cycle of parasites does not happen inside the fly as this insect serves only as "a flying needle."

Manifestations

There are two types of the disease, acute and chronic forms. The symptoms vary considerably depending on its type. It explains why it is also referred to as Intermittent Fever.

Intermittent Fever. 

The fever varies in accordance with the fluctuations of parasite waves in the bloodstream.

Anemia. 

Parasites cause the destruction of red blood corpuscles resulting in pale mucous membranes.

Fast Weight Loss. 

Although the animal continues feeding, it looks wasted.

Edema. 

Accumulation of liquid under the jaw (bottle jaw) or in the lower limbs.

Neurological Symptoms. 

If the disease reaches an advanced stage, cattle start performing circle movements, becoming blind and nervous.

Abortion. 

Trypanosomiasis leads to abortion in infected animals.

Laboratory Diagnosis

As the disease presents similar symptoms as other conditions such as Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) or high worm burden, laboratory diagnosis becomes critical:

Wet Blood Smear: 

Examining motile trypanosomes using a microscope on freshly taken blood samples.

Giemsa Stain Blood Smears: 

Detailed examination of parasite morphology.

Card Agglutination Trypanosomiasis Test (CATT): 

A quick field diagnostic test for antibodies.

Treatment and Control Measures

Early treatment is essential for the survival of the animal.

Chemotherapy: 

Effective medications are Diminazene Aceturate and Isometamidium Chloride.

Supportive Treatment: 

Giving iron and vitamin B complex to support recovery from anemia.

Fly Control: 

Insecticides and farm hygiene to control Tabanid fly population

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